Germany Radio today reports, among other news, about the giving away of Ethiopian farm lands to Sudan by the Woyanne regime. Click here to listen.

Press Release: May 6, 2008

Plans are well underway for the four-day event, Worldwide March for Freedom, Justice and Human Rights in Ethiopia, starting on May 15, 2008 and ending on Sunday, March 18, but the invitation is still open for more people to join in as organizers and support people. Teleconference meetings are being held daily to assist participants in the process.

On May 4^th and 5^th, two teleconferences each day were held by the organizers of these events and we want to update the public about what is going on.

First of all, those involved in this international committee include representatives from twenty different organizations from all over the world. Although some represent political groups, all those participating have agreed to work together as a non-political group focused on bringing freedom, justice and human rights to Ethiopia. If you are someone or an organization who did not get an invitation from us, we are sorry because we may not have your contact information, but we would look forward to you contacting us because what we are planning is for all organizations, communities, religious groups and civic groups.

Once this Solidarity Movement for a New Ethiopia starts after this four-day event, we would not want you to feel that we intentionally excluded you. We do not want anyone left out that is interested in joining so please contact us now. It is absolutely not too late. You are welcome! This includes Woyane supporters and EPRDF members who want a better and more humane Ethiopia for the future.

Four events are scheduled and they include:

Day One: Thursday, May 15 – A DAY OF REMEMBERANCE: The Tent of Grieving and Celebration

Day Two: Friday, May 16 – A DAY OF UNITY: Worldwide March for Ethiopian Freedom, Justice and Human Rights

Day Three: Saturday, May 17 – DAY OF REACHING OUT: Building New Connections

Day Four: Sunday, May 18 – DAY OF PRAYER: Confession, Thanksgiving, Reconciliation and Petition

Because of time constraints, every committee member on the international worldwide committee is to act as the mobilizer of the group(s) in their area. This committee member then will act as the liaison between the local groups and the international worldwide committee. This central committee will have the responsibility to oversee the overall planning, assisting the implementation at the local level as much as is needed.

We continue to ask for more volunteers who would be willing to organize and participate in one or in all of the four events occurring over the duration of the four days—the day of remembrance, the day of the march, the day of unity and the day of prayer. If possible, we ask that you participate in all of the four daily events in your community.

It does not matter the number of people who participate, even if you could bring together five or ten. Others may be able to mobilize more, but together, Ethiopians worldwide may be able to call attention to the lack of freedom and justice in Ethiopia and so begin the hard work of coming up with solid solutions for the dilemma we are in.

If there is a community not connected yet, you can start immediately and then contact us. If there is a group in some state or region who has never been involved before, we ask you to get involved now and we will help you—step by step.

Some immediate tasks to be completed:

• We ask you to reach out to other civic or religious organizations—not necessarily Ethiopian—to be part of this. For example, in Switzerland, the Switzerland Trade Union has agreed to rally with Ethiopians for Human Rights. Ethiopians should reach out to non-Ethiopians like this as it will only increase the interest in what is going on and it will also encourage the press to want to cover the story.

• Each committee in each community will need to identify a person ready to answer questions from the press and make the initial contacts with the press so there is press coverage of the event. This person, or another appointed person should be ready to answer questions as to why this rally is necessary and important.

• Reach out to others in the Horn of Africa or in Africa and include them in these activities. Many of them have been suffering as well and we need to bridge the gaps between nations as well as within our nation.

• On day three, hold a town hall meeting or another kind of meeting at a community center, religious building or public building where Ethiopians can talk—not about politics, but about how to build new relationships with people from different groups coming together as one people.

• Collect funds in your community to be used for flyers, posters or travel expenses for those who may need to travel outside their areas.

• Make requests for permits to allow your group in front of your state capital. The goal is to have the rallies occur simultaneously all over the world. The posters and signs used in the rallies will be similar.

• The universal petition of what we are rallying for will be prepared and distributed to everyone. It will discuss the human rights abuses in Ethiopia.

• Mobilize people—call people in your community—go to the churches, mosques, synagogues, community centers, schools and any other place you might be able to engage people.

• In all activities, reflect and act on this principle: In order for Ethiopians to survive, we need to put humanity before ethnicity.

Worldwide Committee Meeting Schedule:

Because of the time constraints, every day until next week, there will be a meeting at 3:00 PM Eastern time for those in Europe, Africa, Australia or the Middle East. Another meeting at 8:00 PM Eastern time for those in North America. If anyone wants to participate, email us at [email protected]. Remember, there is still a need for more people. It is not too late to join and to contribute in making this successful. It depends on individuals doing their share.

Important points about the proposed May 15-18 March:

1. It is non-political.
2. The programs will involve as many Ethiopians and Ethiopian organizations as are willing to participate.
3. The reasons for the previous failure to have an impact on the dictatorship in Ethiopia has been the unwillingness or inability of the various organizations to come together to form a united front against the regime.
4. The main objective of the march is to commemorate the first truly democratic election in Ethiopia in May 2005, which was stolen from the people of Ethiopia. It will also commemorate the loss of thousands of lives among people from all the ethnic groups in Ethiopia!
5. Most importantly, the events will be a starting point of a movement to reclaim Ethiopia for Ethiopians, by uniting under one movement.
6. It is of critical importance that all participants tone down politics while efforts are being made to put out the fire of division that has engulfed Ethiopia, and instead to look around to find brothers and sisters from other organizations and ethnic groups in order to hold hands and forge a united front.

What is next?

The march is really the first step in a unified approach to address the problems within Ethiopia. An umbrella organization will be necessary to coordinate further actions. This is just the beginning signifying the launch of the Solidarity Movement for a New Ethiopia.

1. Draft the petition to be used universally all over the world: A petition for the March, to be used by all participants, will be drafted. This will be done in the next few days and should be available to be studied and adopted by the March Organizers before distribution to participants.
2. Fund raising: Urgent actions on this front was suggested and plan for collections should be in place immediately to make money available for purchase of necessary items, payment for transportation etc. It was noted that there is very little time available for this, immediate institution of the process should start.
3. Follow-up Meeting: In view of the urgency of this process and the limited time available a follow-up meeting has been arranged for Tuesday, May 6, 2008. The meeting for the European members will be at 3.00 p.m. EST and for the North American members it will be at 8.00 p.m EST.

For further questions, please contact: [email protected]

EDITOR’S NOTE: The celebration over Kenenisa Bekele’s win in the 5k turned into a protest by the 35,000 sport fans inside the Addis Ababa Stadium who chanted “Free Teddy! Free Teddy!” The live broadcast by state-controlled TV immediately switched to sport commentators when the protest started. Shortly after that, the notorious Federal Police entered the stadium and the event ended without further incident.

———————-

(AP) — World record holder Kenenisa Bekele held on to win the 5,000 meters in Ethiopia on Sunday at the African Athletics Championships.

The Ethiopian, who pulled out of Wednesday’s 10,000, won the shorter race in 13 minutes, 49.67 seconds. Isaac Songok of Kenya finished a close second 13:49.91, and Ali Abdush of Ethiopia was third.

Bekele’s younger brother, Tariku, traded places with Kenenisa Bekele throughout the race but finished fourth. The elder Bekele, who also holds the world record in the 10,000, pulled out of that event because he said he didn’t have enough time to recover from winning his sixth world cross-country title in Scotland in March.

Bekele said he had also planned to skip the 5,000, but eventually succumbed to pressure to compete before a home crowd.

“I had to change my decision to run because many people were asking about me, ‘Why didn’t Kenenisa run in front of his own country?”‘ Bekele said.

Songok took an early lead Sunday, but the Bekele brothers soon took over and led a five-man pack for the rest of the race. Songok, however, surged ahead in the last lap to take silver.

The 5,000 drew a mixed crowd of long-distance hopefuls, including barefoot runner Matjeane Masilo of Lesotho, who finished 11th in the 20-man race, and Abdinasir Sa’id Ibrahim of Somalia, who finished 17th.

“My practice is very hard because my country is in a war,” Sa’id Ibrahim said between gulps of air and swigs from a bottle of water.

“Sometimes I can’t make training because there is fighting.”

Bekele’s win confirmed Ethiopia’s domination of the distance events as the championships. The host country swept the men’s and women’s 10 000, and Ethiopians got two medals in each of the 5 000 races.

Ethiopian women also took gold and silver in the 3 000 steeplechase.

Zemzem Ahmed won in 9:44, and Mekdes Bekele – who is not related to the Bekele brothers – finished ahead of third-place Ruth Bosibori of Kenya.

South Africa won the most medals at the five-day event, taking 12 gold and 22 overall. Nigeria was next with 19 medals, including seven gold.

Ethiopia finished third in the medals table with 15 overall, including six gold, while Kenya had 16 with five gold.

ከኢትዮጵያና ሱዳን ድንበር ጉዳይ ኮሚቴ የተሰጠ መግለጫ

[pdf]

ሚያዚያ 18 ቀን 2000 ዓ. ም. (April 26, 2008)

ሀ) ሰኞ ሚያዚያ 13 ቀን 2000 ዓ. ም. ከጥዋቱ አራት ሰዓት (April 21. 2008 @ 10:00 A.M.) ላይ ከፍተኛ ቁጥር ያለው የሱዳን ጦር ሠራዊት ቋራ ወረዳ ነፍስ ገበያ የተባለውን ከፍተኛ የርሻ አካባቢ በድንገተኛ በመውረርና የአካባቢውን ሕዝብ በማሸበር፣

1ኛ 24 የርሻ መንደሮችን በእሳት አቃጠለ

2ኛ 34 ኢትዮጵያውያኖችን ይዞ በማሠር ወደ ሱዳን ወሰደ። ከነዚህም ውስጥ አቶ መሐሪ የተባሉት ሰው የአንዱ የተቃጠለ የርሻ ቦታ ባለቤት ሲሆኑ 33 ደግሞ በርሻ ቦታዎች ተቀጥረው የሚሠሩ ዘበኞች፣ አሠሪዎችና የቀን ሠራተኞች ናቸው።

3ኛ ጦሩ አንድ ትራክተር ይዞ ከመሔዱ ሌላ የአካባቢው ሕዝብ የሚገለገልበትን አንድ የእህል ወፍጮ በእሳት Aቃጥሏል።

ለ) ዓርብ ሚያዚያ 17 ቀን 2000 ዓ. ም. ጦሩ ወደ ነፍስ ገበያ በመመለስ በአንድ ባልተቃጠለ የርሻ መንደር ላይ በደንብ የተደራጀና የታጠቀ የፖሊስ ካምፕ መሥርቶ ተመልሷል።

ሐ) የአካባቢው አራሾች በየአቅጣጫው እየተሰደዱ በሚገኙበት በአሁኑ ወቅት በቋራና በጎንደር መካከል ያለው የኢሐዴግ አግአዚ ጦር ደግሞ ለሚሸሹት ገበሬዎች በሱዳን ጦር ላይ ጦርነት ከከፈታችሁ እኛ በስተጀርባችሁ ጠብቀን ነው የምንጨርሳችሁ በማለት ሌላ የሽብር መልእክት በማስተላለፍ ላይ ይገኛል።

በየጊዜው የሚከሰቱትን ሁኔታዎች እየተከታተልን መግለጫዎችን እናወጣለን፣ የአገር ወዳድ ኢትዮጵያዊያን ይህንን ግፍን አስመልክቶ በምናደርገው እንቅስቃሴ ትብብራችሁን እንጠይቃለ።

የኢትዮጵያ ሉዓላዊነት ለዘለዓለም በልጆቿ ይጠበቃል!
We’ll reclaim our country

ከኢትዮጵያና ሱዳን ድንበር ጉዳይ ኮሚቴ
e-mail:- [email protected]

(የኢትዮጵያ የዜና አገልግሎት)
አዲስ አበባ, መጋቢት 26 ቀን 2000 (አዲስ አበባ)

የፌዴራሉ ከፍተኛ ፍርድ ቤት በዘር ማጥፋት ወንጀል ክስ ከተመሠረተባቸው 20 ግለሰቦች አምስቱን በሞት ሲቀጣ በቀሪዎቹ ላይ ደግሞ የዕድሜ ልክና የተለያዩ ውሳኔዎች ዛሬ አሳለፈ፡፡ ከተከሳሾች መካከል በተመሳሳይ ወንጀል በሌላ መዝገብ ተከሰው እየታየ የሚገኘው የሻምበል ለገሠ አስፋው ጉዳይ ቅጣቱ ተጣምሮ እንዲወሰን ትዕዛዝ አስተላልፏል፡፡

የፌዴራል ከፍተኛ ፍርድ ቤት ሁለተኛ ተዘዋዋሪ እና የቀይ ሽበር ጉዳይ ችሎት የሞት ቅጣቱን ያሳለፈው በእነ ሻምበል ለገሠ አስፋው የክስ መዝገብ ጉዳያቸው በሌሉበት በታየው በኮሎኔል መንገሻ ሁንዴ፣ ሻምበል ታደሠ አጎናፍር፣ ኮሎኔል ዓለማየሁ እሳቱ፣ ሜጀር ማርቆስ ሰለሞን፣ እና ሜጀር ጌታሁን ካሣ በተባሉት ተከሳሾች ላይ ነው፡፡

በዚሁ መዝገብ ክስ ተመሥርቶባቸው ጉዳያቸው በሌሉበት የታየው ካፒቴን አቦነህ ነጋሽ፣ ሻምበል መሥፍን መንግሥቱ፣ ሻምበል ጌታቸው መንገሻ፣ ካፒቴን ዘበነ አስፋው እና ሌቴና ኮለኔል ጥላሁን ቦጋለ የተባሉት ደግሞ እያንዳንዳቸው በዕድሜ ልክ ፅኑ እሥራት እንዲቀጡ ፍርድ ቤቱ ወስኖባቸዋል፡፡

እንዲሁም ምክትል መቶ አለቃ ጀልቻ ደራ፣ ካፒቴን ደረጀ አብዲሣ፣ ካፒቴን አሰፋ ተገኝ፣ ሜጀር ወንድወሰን በቀለ እና ሌቴና ኮሎኔል የሺጥላ መርሻ የተባሉት ተከሳሾች እያንዳንዳቸው በ25 አመት ፅኑ እስራት እንዲቀጡ ተወስኖባቸዋል፡፡

በሌላ በኩል ደግሞ ጉዳያቸው ባሉበትና በማረሚያ ቤት ሆነው እየተመላለሱ ከተከራከሩት አምስት ተከሳሾች ኮሎኔል ብርሃነመስቀል ኃይሌ በሞት ሊቀጡ የነበረው በ25 አመት፣ ኮሎኔል ግርማ አስፋው ከዕድሜ ልክ በ20 አመት ፅኑ እስራት፣ ኮሎኔል ሰለሞን ከበደ እና ሻምበል ክፍሌ ውቤ ደግሞ ከ25 አመት በ19 አመት ፅኑ እስራት ቀጥቷቸዋል፡፡

ፍርድ ቤቱ ቅጣቱን ያሻሻለው በ1997 የወጣው አዲሱ የወንጀለኛ መቅጫ ተከሳሹን ሊጠቅም በሚችል የህግ አግባብ ቅጣቱ እንዲወሰን ስለሚደነግግና ተከሳሾቹም በሕግ አደባባይ ቀርበው በመከራከራቸውና ያቀረቡትን የቅጣት ማቅለያ አስተያየት ከግምት ውስጥ በማስገባት እንደሆነ ፍርድ ቤቱ በውሳኔው አትቷል፡፡

ሻምበል ለገሠ አስፋው የተባሉት ከፍተኛ የደርግ አመራር የነበሩ ተከሳሽ ጉዳይ በእነ ኮሎኔል መንግሥቱ ኃይለማርያም የዘር ማጥፋት የወንጀል ክስ በፌዴራል ከፍተኛ ፍርድ ቤት ሲታይ ቆይቶ ውሳኔ ከተላለፈበት በኋላ በልዩ ዓቃቤ ሕግና በተከሳሾቹ ይግባኝ ጠያቂነት በፌዴራል ጠቅላይ ፍርድ ቤት በመታየት ላይ ስለሚገኝ ቅጣቱ ተዳምሮ እንዲሰጥ በማለት ትእዛዝ አስተላልፏል፡፡

ፍርድ ቤቱ በተከሳሾቹ ላይ የሞት እና የፅኑ እስራት ቅጣቱን የወሰነው በደርግ ዘመን በትግራይ ክፍለሀገር በተለያዩ ጊዜያት የእርዳታ እህል ለመቀበልና ወደገበያ ወጥተው በተሰባሰቡ ሠላማዊ ሰዎች ላይ ተዋጊ ሚግ አውሮፕላን እና ሔሊኮፕተር በማሠማራት በመትረየስ፣ በቦምብና በተቀጣጣይ ፈንጂ በመደብደብ በብዙ ሺህ የሚቆጠር ሠላማዊ ሕዝብና እንስሳት ጨፍጭፈው መግደላቸውንና የአካል ጉዳት ማድረሳቸው በልዩ ዓቃቤ ሕግ ማስረጃ በመረጋገጡ መሆኑን ፍርድ ቤቱ በውሳኔው ገልጿል፡፡

ከተከሳሾቹ መካከል ኮሎኔል ብርሃነ መስቀል ኃይሌ፣ ኮሎኔል ግርማ አስፋው፣ ሜጄር ጌታሁን ካሣና ኮሎኔል ዓለማየሁ እሳቱ የተባሉት ተከሳሾች በየካቲት 1975 ዓ.ም በቀድሞ ትግራይ ክፍለሀገር ጭላ ከተማ ፈራሲት በተባለ ገበያ ቦታ የነበሩ በሺ የሚቆጠሩ ሰላማዊ ሰዎች በተዋጊ አውሮፕላኖች በተቀጣጣይ ፈንጂ በመደብደብ አሰቃቂ ወንጀል መፈፀማቸው በማስረጃ እንደተረጋገጠባቸው ፍርድ ቤቱ በውሳኔው አመልክቷል፡፡

እንዲሁም ኮሎኔል መንገሻ ሁንዴ፣ ካፒቴን ዓለማየሁ እሳቱ፣ ሌተና ኮሎኔል የሺጥላ መርሻ እና ሻምበል ታደሠ አጎናፍር የተባሉት ተከሳሾች ደግሞ በትግራይ ክፍለሀገር ውቅሮ ከተማ መጋቢት ወር 1980 ዓ.ም እርዳታ ለመቀበል የወጣና ቁጥሩ ሦስት ሺህ በሚሆን ሰላማዊ ሕዝብ ላይ በተዋጊ ሚግ አውሮፕላን በቦምብና በተቀጣጣይ ፈንጂ እንዲደበደብ በማድረግ አሰቃቂ ሞትና የአካል ማጉደል ወንጀል መፈፀማቸውን ውሳኔው ገልጿል፡፡

ሻምበል ለገሠ አስፋውን ጨምሮ ኮሎኔል መንገሻ ሁንዴ፣ ምክትል የመቶ አለቃ ጄልቻ ዱራ፣ ሜጄር ወንድወሰን በቀለ፣ ሻምበል መሥፍን መንግሥቱ፣ ካፒቴን አስፋው ተገኝ፣ ካፒቴን ደረጀ አብዲሳ፣ ሻምበል ዓለማየሁ እሳቱ፣ ካፒቴን አቦነህ ነጋሽ፣ ሻምበል ጌታቸው መንገሻ፣ ኮሎኔል ሰለሞን ከበደ፣ ሻምበል ክፍሌ ውቤ፣ ሜጄር ማርቆስ ሰለሞን፣ ሜጀር ጌታሁን ካሣ፣ ካፒቴን ዘበነ አስፋው፣ ሌተና ኮሎኔል ጥላሁን ቦጋለ የተባሉት ተከሳሾች ሰኔ 15 ቀን 1980 ዓ.ም ለገበያ በተሰበሰበ 5 ሺህ ሕዝብ እንዳይሸሽ ዙሪያውን በሔሊኮፕተር ከበው ቦምብና ተቀጣጣይ ፈንጅ በማዝነብ መግደላቸውና የአካል ጉዳት ማድረሳቸው በማስረጃ መረጋገጡን ፍርድ ቤቱ በውሳኔው አመልክቷል፡፡

በሐውዜን ከተማ በተሰበሰበው ሠላማዊ ገበያተኛ ላይ በወረደው የቦምብ፣ የተቀጣጣይ ፈንጅ እና በመትረየስ በተካሄደው ጭፍጨፋ የሰውና የእንስሳት አካል መለየት በማይቻልበት አካላቸው ተቆራርጦ ከመደባለቁም በላይ በበርካታ ሰዎች ላይ የዕድሜ ልክ የአዕምሮ ጠባሳ ከመተውም ባሻገር የአካል ጉዳት መድረሱንም ምስክሮች መናገራቸውን ፍርድ ቤቱ በውሳኔው አብራርቷል፡፡

ፍርድ ቤቱ ጉዳያቸው በሌሉበት ታይቶ ውሳኔ የተላለፈባቸው ተከሳሾች የፌዴራል ፖሊስ ይዞ ለማረሚያ ቤት እንዲያስረክብና ማረሚያ ቤቱም በውሳኔው መሠረት እንዲያስፈፅም ትዕዛዝ ሰጥቷል፡፡

በሞት እንዲቀጡ ውሳኔ የተላለፈባቸው ተከሳሾች በአገሪቱ ርዕሰ ብሔር ከፀደቀ በኋላ በማረሚያ ቤቱ ቅጥር ግቢ ሰብአዊ ርህራሄ በተሞላበት እንዲፈፀም ትዕዛዝ አስተላልፏል፡፡

ጉዳያቸው በማረሚያ ቤት ሆነው በመከታተል ላይ የነበሩት ተከሳሾች ውሳኔው እጃቸው ከተያዘበት ጊዜ ጀምሮ እንዲታሰብላቸው ካለ በኋላ የይግባኝ መብታቸው የተጠበቀ መሆኑንም ገልጿል፡፡

በቀጣዩ ሚያዝያ ለሚካሄደው የአከባቢና የማሟያ ምርጫ ለቅስቀሳነት ይረዳኛል በሚል በተመረጡ የኦሮሚያ ክልሎች የወያኔ ካድሬዎች በገበያ ስፍራዎች በመዘዋወር የምግብ እህል ዋጋዎችን ዋጋ በማውጣትና ከዚያ በላይ የሚሸጡ ነጋዴዎችን ምርት በመውረስ እንዲሁም ባለንብረቶቹን በማሰር ‘የወያኔ የቁርጥ ቀን ደራሽ’ መሆኑን ለማመልከት በመጣር ላይ ይገኛል፡፡

በተሰበረ ዋጋ ነጋዴዎች እንዲሸጡ እየተደረገ ያለበት አካሄድ የወያኔ ሹማምንት ቀደም ባሉት አመታት “ገበሬው ምርቱን በፈለገው ዋጋ መሸጥ እንዲችል አድርገነዋል” ከሚለው ጋር ፈጽሞ የሚጣረስ ከመሆኑም በተጨማሪ እርምጃው ቅዳሜ ከተወሰደ በኋላ በዛሬው እለት አብዛኞቹ የኦሮሚያ የገበያ ስፍራዎች የእህል ሸቀጦች ያልታዩባቸው ሆነዋል፡፡

ለዜና አገልግሎቱ በደረሱት ዝርዝር የገበያ መረጀዎች መሰረት ማኛ ጤፍ በኪሎ ከአምስት ብር በላይ የሚሸጡ በሙሉ የጥቃቱ ሰለባ የሆኑ ሲሆን የገበያ ማረጋጋት ዘዴ በመጠቀም የዋጋ ግሽቱን ከማረጋጋት ይልቅ ለምርጫ ቅስቀሳ በሚረዳ መልኩ ብቻ በጠመንጃ አፈሙዝ እርምጃውን በመውሰድ መንግስት ከጎናችሁ ነው የሚል ህገወጥ ዘመቻ (የጫካ ህግ) ሲካሄድ በመዋሉ በዛሬው እለት (ሁኔታው ቀጣይ ይመስላል) አሳሳቢ የምርት እጥረት ታይቷል፡፡

የተመረጡ የገበያ ቦታዎች የተባሉት ከደብረዘይት እስከ ምስራቅ አዋሽ ያሉ የገበያ ስፍራዎች፤ ከመልካሳ እስከ መረሮ ያሉ ገበያ ስፍራዎች፤ በምስራቅ ሸዋ ከእድርገሳ ሞርቾ (ከአዲስአበባ 300 ኪ.ሜ.ርቀት ላይ) በሰሜን ሸዋ ዞን ፊቼን ጨምሮ ሁሉም ከተሞች፤ ከአለም ገና እስከ ቁምቢ ባሉ በሁሉም ከተሞች የገበያ ስፍራዎችን በመሳሰሉት ላይ በተደረገው በምጣኔ ሃብት የገበያ መርህ ያልተደገፈ የምርጫ ቅስቀሳ ፍጆታ ማሟያ ግልጽ አደጋዎች መከሰት ጀምረዋል፡፡